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<title>Authenticity (philosophy)</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Authenticity (philosophy)</span></span>

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<p><b>Authenticity</b> is a concept of personality in the fields of psychology, <a href="Existential_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential psychotherapy">existential psychotherapy</a>, <a href="Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist philosophy</a>, and <a href="Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetics</a>. In existentialism, authenticity is the degree to which a person's actions are congruent with their <a href="Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">values</a> and desires, despite external pressures to social conformity. The <a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious self</a> comes to terms with the condition of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Thrownness" title="Thrownness">Geworfenheit</a></i></span>, of having been <i>thrown</i> into an <a href="Absurdism" title="Absurdism">absurd world</a> (without values and meaning) not of their own making, thereby encountering external forces and influences different from and other than <a href="Philosophy_of_self" title="Philosophy of self">the Self</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authenticity has emerged as a central concept in contemporary models of well-being and the good life, serving as a foundational principle in many leading psychological frameworks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person’s lack of authenticity is considered <i><a href="Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">bad faith</a></i> in dealing with other people and with one's self; thus, authenticity is in the instruction of the <a href="Pythia" title="Pythia">Oracle of Delphi</a>: “<a href="Know_thyself" title="Know thyself">Know thyself</a>.”<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning <a href="Authenticity_in_art" title="Authenticity in art">authenticity in art</a>, the philosophers <a href="Jean_Paul_Sartre" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Paul Sartre">Jean Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="Theodor_Adorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodor Adorno">Theodor Adorno</a> held opposing views and opinions about <a href="Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, a genre of American music; Sartre said that jazz is authentic and Adorno said that jazz is inauthentic. Many musical subcultures require artistic authenticity, lest the community consider an artist to be a <a href="Poseur" title="Poseur">poseur</a> for lacking authenticity (creative, musical, or personal);<sup id="cite_ref-indiecult2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiecult2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> artistic authenticity is integral to many genres of music, including but not limited to genres of <a href="Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> (such as <a href="Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk rock</a> and <a href="Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>), <a href="Electronic_Dance_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Dance Music">club music</a> (such as <a href="House_music" title="House music">house</a> and <a href="Techno" title="Techno">techno</a>), and <a href="Hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop music">hip-hop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In the 18th century, <a href="Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> philosophers recommended <a href="Intuition" title="Intuition">intuition</a>, emotion, and a connection to Nature as the necessary counterbalances to the <a href="Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectualism</a> of the <a href="Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, Anglo–American preoccupations with authenticity centered on the writings of <a href="Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialist philosophers</a> whose native tongue is not English; therefore, the faithful, true, and accurate translation of the term <i>existentialism</i> was much debated, to which end the philosopher <a href="Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Walter Kaufmann</a> assembled a canon of existentialist philosophers. Kaufmann's canon includes the Dane <a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a> (1813–1855), the German <a href="Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> (1889–1976), and the Frenchman <a href="Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (1905–1980). For these existentialists, the <a href="Consciousness" title="Consciousness">conscious Self</a> comes to terms with existence (being and living) in an absurd, materialist world featuring external forces, e.g. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Geworfenheit</i></span> (Thrown-ness), and intellectual influences different from and other than the <a href="Philosophy_of_the_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of the self">Self</a>.

</p><p>Personal authenticity is exhibited in how a person acts and changes in response to the external world's influences upon the Self. Among artists, <a href="Authenticity_in_art" title="Authenticity in art">authenticity in art</a> describes a work of art faithful to the artist's values.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the field of psychology, authenticity identifies a person living life in accordance with their true <a href="Self" title="Self">Self</a> and personal values rather than according to the external demands of society, such as <a href="Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">social conventions</a>, <a href="Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a>, and <a href="Duty" title="Duty">duty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>To identify, describe, and define <i>authenticity</i>, existential philosophers like <a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a>, <a href="Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a>, and <a href="Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Martin Heidegger</a> investigated the existential and <a href="Ontology" title="Ontology">ontological</a> significance of the social constructs that compose the <a href="Social_norm" title="Social norm">norms</a> of society. For a journalist, not blindly accepting social norms contributes to producing intellectually authentic reportage, achieved by the reporter choosing to be true to their professional ethics and personal values. Yet, in the praxis of journalism, the reporter’s authenticity (professional and personal) is continually contradicted by the business requirements of corporate publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1995_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1995-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Existential_perspectives">Existential perspectives</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Søren_Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</h3></div>

<p>According to Kierkegaard, personal authenticity depends upon a person finding an authentic faith and, in so doing, being true to themselves. Moral compromises inherent to the ideologies of bourgeois society and Christianity challenge the personal integrity of a person who seeks to live an authentic life as determined by the self.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mass-culture society diminishes the significance of personal individuality, by way of social “levelling” through news media that provide people with beliefs and opinions constructed by someone other than themselves. A person can attain authentic faith by facing reality and choosing to live according to the facts of the material world, or can deny authentic faith by passively accepting religious faith.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kierkegaard’s philosophy shows that personal authenticity is a personal choice based upon the experience of the real world;<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <i>Practice in Christianity</i> (1850), Kierkegaard wrote:

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</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Therefore, it is a risk to preach, for as I go up into that holy place — whether the church is packed or as good as empty, whether I, myself, am aware of it or not, I have one listener more than can be seen, an invisible listener, God in heaven, whom I certainly cannot see, but who truly can see me.... Truly, it is a risk to preach! Most people, no doubt, have the idea that stepping out on the stage as an actor to venture into the danger of having all eyes focused on one requires courage. Yet, in one sense, this danger, like everything on the stage, is an illusion because the actor, of course, is personally outside it all; his task is precisely to deceive, to dissemble, to represent someone else, and to reproduce, accurately, someone else’s words. On the other hand, the proclaimer of Christian truth steps forward into a place where, even if the eyes of all are not focused on him, the eye of an omniscient one is. His task is: to be himself, and in a setting, God’s house, which, all eyes and ears, requires only one thing of him — that he should be himself, be true. That he should be accurate, that is, that he, himself, should be what he proclaims [to be], or at least strive to be that, or at least be honest enough to confess, about himself, that he is not that.... How risky it is to be the <i>I</i> who preaches, the one speaking, an <i>I</i> who, by preaching and as he preaches, commits himself unconditionally, displays his life so that, if possible, one could look directly into his soul — to be this <i>I</i>, that is risky! </p></blockquote><div class="templatequotecite"><p style="display: inline; padding-left: 2.3em;">— Søren Kierkegaard, <i>Practice in Christianity</i> (1850) pp. 234–235</p></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Friedrich_Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</h3></div>

<p>Personal authenticity can be achieved—without religion, which requires accepting pre-determined virtues (eternal valuations) as unquestionably true. In living authentically, a person elevates himself/herself above the mass culture to transcend the limits of conventional morality, thereby personally determining what is and what is not <a href="Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and bad</a>, without the pre-determined virtues of conformity “on account of which we hold our grandfathers in esteem”. An authentic life is achieved by avoiding the “herding animal morality”.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1997_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To “stand alone [is to be] strong and original enough to initiate opposite estimates of value, to <a href="Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">transvaluate</a> and invert ‘eternal valuations’”.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1997_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1997-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common to the existential perspectives of Kierkegaard and Nietzsche are “the responsibilities they place on the individual to take an active part in the shaping of one’s beliefs, and then to be willing to act on that belief”.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jean-Paul_Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</h3></div>

<p>It is difficult to describe <i>authenticity</i> intelligibly. One possibility is to describe instead the <i>negative space</i> surrounding the condition of being <i>inauthentic</i> by giving examples.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To that end, the novels of Jean-Paul Sartre make <i>authenticity</i> conceptually intelligible through the stories of <a href="Anti-hero" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-hero">anti-heroic</a> characters, people who base their actions upon external, psychological pressures — such as the <a href="Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressure</a> to appear to be a certain kind of person; the pressure to adopt a given way of life; and the pressure to prostitute personal integrity (moral values and aesthetic standards) in exchange for the comfort (physical, mental, and moral) of social <a href="Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a>. The novelist Sartre explains existential philosophy through characters who do not understand their reasoning for acting as they do—people who ignore crucial facts about their own lives to avoid learning about being an <i>inauthentic</i> person with an identity defined from outside the self.

</p><p>Absolute freedom is the <a href="Vertiginous" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertiginous">vertiginous</a> experience necessary for being authentic, yet such freedom can be so unpleasant as to impel people to choose an inauthentic life. As an aspect of authenticity, absolute freedom determines a person’s <i>relation</i> with the real world, a relation not based upon or determined by a system of values or an ideology. In this manner, authenticity is connected with creativity, and the will to act must be born of the actor. In that vein, Heidegger speaks of absolute freedom as <i>modes of living</i> determined by personal choice. Sartre identified, described, and explained what is an inauthentic existence, not to define what is an authentic mode of living.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erich_Fromm">Erich Fromm</h3></div>

<p><a href="Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Erich Fromm</a> proposed a very different definition of authenticity in the mid-twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered behavior of any kind, even that wholly in accord with societal <a href="Mores" title="Mores">mores</a>, to be authentic if it results from personal understanding and approval of its drives and origins, rather than merely from conformity with the received wisdom of the society. Thus, a Frommean authentic may behave consistently in accord with cultural norms, if those norms appear on consideration to be appropriate, rather than simply in the interest of conforming with current norms. Fromm thus considers authenticity to be a positive outcome of enlightened and informed motivation, rather than a negative outcome of rejection of the expectations of others. He described the latter condition – the drive primarily to escape external restraints typified by the "absolute freedom" of Sartre – as "the illusion of individuality",<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to the genuine individuality that results from authentic living.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Authenticity_paradox">Authenticity paradox</h2></div>

<p>The authenticity paradox describes the difficulty to be authentic in social media environment.<sup id="cite_ref-segev_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-segev-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Users experience a constant tension between projecting their own personal values and the social expectations to share popular values. Popular values are predominantly <a href="Commercialism" title="Commercialism">commercial</a> and users often engage in "social media rituals," such as taking countless photos and carefully curating images of their commercial experiences. This process turns genuine personal experiences into a form of <a href="Advertising" title="Advertising">advertisement</a>, leading to a focus on projecting an image that might be perceived as authentic rather than truly expressing authentic values.

</p><p>Ultimately, the authenticity paradox highlights the loss of self in a mediated world driven by commercial needs. While people desperately seek authenticity, they struggle to find it because their behavior is often driven by the need to advertise popular brands and gain social recognition. This environment, where existence is increasingly determined by the visibility of information produced, makes individuals fixate on their image, risking the loss of their genuine identities.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_subculture">Musical subculture</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Rockism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockism">Rockism</a> and <a href="Punk_ideologies" title="Punk ideologies">Punk ideologies</a></div>

<p>Some genres of rock music, especially the subcultures of <a href="Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">punk</a> and <a href="Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a>, require a great deal of artistic authenticity from its musicians and fans and criticize and exclude musicians, composers, and bands they assess as being <i><a href="Poseur" title="Poseur">poseurs</a></i> — insufficiently <a href="Authenticity_in_art" title="Authenticity in art">authentic</a> or inauthentic as artists.<sup id="cite_ref-indiecult2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indiecult2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>poseur</i> is an artist or a musical band who copies the dress, the style of speech, and the <a href="Etiquette" title="Etiquette">manners</a> of the subculture, yet is excluded for not understanding the artistic philosophy, not understanding the sociology, and not understanding the <a href="Imaginary_(sociology)" title="Imaginary (sociology)">value system</a> of the subculture; talking the talk, without walking the walk.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The authenticity of an artist has three bases: (I) long-term dedication to the music scene; (II) historical knowledge of the subculture; and (III) personal integrity (inner voice) for correct artistic choices.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one extreme of the heavy-metal genre, exists the subgenre of <a href="Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a> whose adherents value above all else, artistic authenticity, emotional sincerity, and extremity of expression. Black metal artists emphatically profess that black metal performances are not for entertainment or spectacle, but rather that the extreme expression of such performances, are <i>ritual expression</i>, achieved through transcendence of the body and the self.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of such systems of moral value in the arts, a working-class band, by accepting a formal recording contract, might appear to be <a href="Selling_out" title="Selling out">sell outs</a> within the heavy metal and punk rock communities.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2007_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academic <a href="Deena_Weinstein" title="Deena Weinstein">Deena Weinstein</a> said that “The code of authenticity, which is central to the <a href="Heavy_metal_subculture" title="Heavy metal subculture">heavy metal subculture</a>, is demonstrated in many ways”, such as by clothing, an emotional singing voice, and thematic substance to the songs.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinstein_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinstein-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>The philosopher <a href="Jacob_Golomb" title="Jacob Golomb">Jacob Golomb</a> argues that existential authenticity is a way of life incompatible with a system of moral values that comprehends all persons.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="Akrasia" title="Akrasia">Akrasia</a> – Lack of self-control</li>

<li><a href="Authentic_leadership" title="Authentic leadership">Authentic leadership</a> – Cultivating Attitude / Aptitude / Ability / Accountability</li>

<li><a href="Authentic_self" class="mw-redirect" title="Authentic self">Authentic self</a> – Psychological concepts often used in connection with narcissism<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li>

<li><a href="Being-in-itself" class="mw-redirect" title="Being-in-itself">Being-in-itself</a></li>

<li><a href="Alessandro_Ferrara" title="Alessandro Ferrara">Alessandro Ferrara</a> – Italian philosopher (born 1953)</li>

<li><a href="Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a> – Moral quality of truthfulness</li>

<li><a href="Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a> – How a thing is identified as distinct from other things</li>

<li><a href="Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a> – Moral virtue and practice</li>

<li><a href="Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">Invented tradition</a> – Recently invented cultural practices perceived as old</li>

<li><a href="Persona_(psychology)" title="Persona (psychology)">Persona (psychology)</a> – Social face an individual presents to the world</li>

<li><a href="Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a> – Concept in existentialism</li>

<li><a href="Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a> – Psychology of false perceptions and their impact on human behavior</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBook2014" class="citation web cs1">Book, Ryan (22 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musictimes.com/articles/13146/20141022/jean-paul-sartre-existentialism-music-lives-doors-pink-floyd-drake.htm">"Jean-Paul Sartre, Existentialism, and Music That Lives It: The Doors, Pink Floyd and . . . Drake?"</a>. <i>The Music Times</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1995-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1995_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMerril1995" class="citation book cs1">Merril, J.C. (1995). <i>Existential Journalism</i> (Revised ed.). Iowa State University Press.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated1997-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1997_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1997_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNietzsche1997" class="citation book cs1">Nietzsche, F.W. (1997). <a href="Beyond_Good_and_Evil" title="Beyond Good and Evil"><i>Beyond good and evil: Prelude to a philosophy of the future</i></a>. Translated by Zimmern, H. Mineola, N.Y.: Dover.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGolomb1995" class="citation book cs1">Golomb, Jacob (1995). <i>In Search of Authenticity</i>. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-415-11946-7</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBairdWalter_Kaufmann2008" class="citation book cs1">Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). <i>From Plato to Derrida</i>. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-13-158591-1</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFromm1941" class="citation book cs1">Fromm, Erich (1941). <i>Escape from Freedom</i>. Farrar & Rinehart.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Weinstein-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinstein_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein2009" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Deena (2009). <i>Heavy Metal: The Music and its Subculture</i>. Da Capo Press. p. 46.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLarsson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Larsson, Susanna (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1103308812467673">"I Bang My Head. Therefore I Am: Constructing Individual and Social Authenticity in the Heavy Metal Subculture"</a>. <i>Young</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>110. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1103308812467673">10.1177/1103308812467673</a></span>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146554112">146554112</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Olson, Benjamin Hedge (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200411021302/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file%3Faccession%3Dbgsu1206132032%26disposition%3Dinline"><i>I Am the Black Wizards: Multiplicity, Mysticism and Identity in Black Metal Music and Culture. p. 47</i></a> (Masters of Arts Thesis thesis). Bowling Green State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file%3Faccession%3Dbgsu1206132032%26disposition%3Dinline">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-04-11.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGolomb1995" class="citation book cs1">Golomb, Jacob (1995). <i>In Search of Authenticity: From Kierkegaard to Camus</i>. London: Routledge.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFFerrara1998" class="citation book cs1">Ferrara, Alessandro (1998). <i>Reflective Authenticity</i>. Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-415-13062-X</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFFromm1942" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm, Erich</a> (1942). <a href="Escape_from_Freedom" title="Escape from Freedom"><i>Escape from Freedom</i></a>. Routledge & Kegan Paul.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKeller2010" class="citation book cs1">Keller, Marcello Sorce (2010). "How we got into 'authenticity' and 'originality' thinking, and why we should find a way out of it". In Claviez, Thomas; Imesch, Kornelia; Sweers, Britta (eds.). <i>Critique of Authenticity</i>. Wilmington, Del.: Vernon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>158.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPark2007" class="citation book cs1">Park, James Leonard (2007). <i>Becoming More Authentic: The Positive Side of Existentialism</i> (5th ed.). Existential Books. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-89231-105-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSaupe2016" class="citation journal cs1">Saupe, Achim (2016-12-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docupedia.de/zg/Saupe_authentizitaet_v3_en_2016">"Authenticity"</a>. <i>Docupedia-Zeitgeschichte</i>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14765%2Fzzf.dok.2.645.v1">10.14765/zzf.dok.2.645.v1</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor, Charles</a> (1992). <a href="The_Ethics_of_Authenticity" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ethics of Authenticity"><i>The Ethics of Authenticity</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-674-26863-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFTrilling1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Lionel_Trilling" title="Lionel Trilling">Trilling, Lionel</a> (1974). <a href="Sincerity_and_Authenticity" title="Sincerity and Authenticity"><i>Sincerity and Authenticity</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-19-281166-5</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Existentialism47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Atheistic_existentialism" title="Atheistic existentialism">Atheistic</a></li>

<li><a href="Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Christian</a></li>

<li><a href="Jewish_existentialism" title="Jewish existentialism">Jewish</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcendent_theosophy" title="Transcendent theosophy">Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_nihilism" title="Existential nihilism">Nihilist</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_phenomenology" title="Existential phenomenology">Phenomenological</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abandonment_(existentialism)" title="Abandonment (existentialism)">Abandonment</a></li>

<li><a href="Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li>

<li><a href="Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li>

<li><a href="Bad_faith_(existentialism)" title="Bad faith (existentialism)">Bad faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li>

<li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li>

<li><a href="Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Meaning_(existential)" title="Meaning (existential)">Meaning</a></li>

<li><a href="Nihilism" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li>

<li><a href="Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li>

<li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></i></span></li>

<li><a href="Thrownness" title="Thrownness">Thrownness</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Beckett</a></li>

<li><a href="Dino_Buzzati" title="Dino Buzzati">Buzzati</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li>

<li><a href="Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li>

<li><a href="Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li>

<li><a href="Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ellison</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li>

<li><a href="Alberto_Giacometti" title="Alberto Giacometti">Giacometti</a></li>

<li><a href="Eug%C3%A8ne_Ionesco" title="Eugène Ionesco">Ionesco</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Kafka</a></li>

<li><a href="Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Mahfouz</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>

<li><a href="Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nicola_Abbagnano" title="Nicola Abbagnano">Abbagnano</a></li>

<li><a href="Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Barth</a></li>

<li><a href="Nikolai_Berdyaev" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Berdyaev</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Bultmann" title="Rudolf Bultmann">Bultmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li>

<li><a href="Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li>

<li><a href="Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li>

<li><a href="Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Fondane" title="Benjamin Fondane">Fondane</a></li>

<li><a href="Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li>

<li><a href="William_James" title="William James">James</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Kaufmann_(philosopher)" title="Walter Kaufmann (philosopher)">Kaufmann</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li>

<li><a href="Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li>

<li><a href="Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li>

<li><a href="Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li>

<li><a href="Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li>

<li><a href="Franz_Rosenzweig" title="Franz Rosenzweig">Rosenzweig</a></li>

<li><a href="Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li>

<li><a href="Lev_Shestov" title="Lev Shestov">Shestov</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_B._Soloveitchik" title="Joseph B. Soloveitchik">Soloveitchik</a></li>

<li><a href="Paul_Tillich" title="Paul Tillich">Tillich</a></li>

<li><a href="Miguel_de_Unamuno" title="Miguel de Unamuno">Unamuno</a></li>

<li><a href="Colin_Wilson" title="Colin Wilson">Wilson</a></li>

<li><a href="Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Wright</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Wessel_Zapffe" title="Peter Wessel Zapffe">Zapffe</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Marxist humanism</a></li>

<li><a href="Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li>

<li><a href="Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Søren_Kierkegaard295" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Søren_Kierkegaard295" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Søren Kierkegaard</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Influence_and_reception_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard">Influence and reception</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophy_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard">Philosophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Theology_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Theology of Søren Kierkegaard">Theology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Bibliography_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Bibliography of Søren Kierkegaard">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1841–1846</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="On_the_Concept_of_Irony_with_Continual_Reference_to_Socrates" title="On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates">On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Either/Or_(Kierkegaard_book)" title="Either/Or (Kierkegaard book)">Either/Or</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="De_omnibus_dubitandum_est" title="De omnibus dubitandum est">De omnibus dubitandum est</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Two_Upbuilding_Discourses%2C_1843" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Repetition_(Kierkegaard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repetition (Kierkegaard)">Repetition</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Three_Upbuilding_Discourses%2C_1843" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Fear_and_Trembling" title="Fear and Trembling">Fear and Trembling</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Four_Upbuilding_Discourses%2C_1843" title="Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843">Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1843</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Two_Upbuilding_Discourses%2C_1844" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Two Upbuilding Discourses, 1844</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Three_Upbuilding_Discourses%2C_1844" title="Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Three Upbuilding Discourses, 1844</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Philosophical_Fragments" title="Philosophical Fragments">Philosophical Fragments</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Prefaces" title="Prefaces">Prefaces</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Concept_of_Anxiety" title="The Concept of Anxiety">The Concept of Anxiety</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Four_Upbuilding_Discourses%2C_1844" title="Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844">Four Upbuilding Discourses, 1844</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eighteen_Upbuilding_Discourses" title="Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses">Eighteen Upbuilding Discourses</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Three_Discourses_on_Imagined_Occasions" title="Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions">Three Discourses on Imagined Occasions</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Stages_on_Life's_Way" title="Stages on Life's Way">Stages on Life's Way</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Concluding_Unscientific_Postscript_to_Philosophical_Fragments" title="Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments">Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Two_Ages%3A_A_Literary_Review" title="Two Ages: A Literary Review">Two Ages: A Literary Review</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1847–1854</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Edifying_Discourses_in_Diverse_Spirits" title="Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits">Edifying Discourses in Diverse Spirits</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Works_of_Love" title="Works of Love">Works of Love</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Christian_Discourses" title="Christian Discourses">Christian Discourses</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Crisis_and_a_Crisis_in_the_Life_of_an_Actress" title="The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress">The Crisis and a Crisis in the Life of an Actress</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Lily_of_the_Field_and_the_Bird_of_the_Air" title="The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air">The Lily of the Field and the Bird of the Air</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Two_Minor_Ethical-Religious_Essays" title="Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays">Two Minor Ethical-Religious Essays</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Sickness_unto_Death" title="The Sickness unto Death">The Sickness unto Death</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Three_Discourses_at_the_Communion_on_Fridays" title="Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays">Three Discourses at the Communion on Fridays</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Practice_in_Christianity" title="Practice in Christianity">Practice in Christianity</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Book_on_Adler" title="The Book on Adler">The Book on Adler</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="For_Self-Examination" title="For Self-Examination">For Self-Examination</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Posthumous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="The_Point_of_View_of_My_Work_as_an_Author" title="The Point of View of My Work as an Author">The Point of View of My Work as an Author</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Judge_for_Yourselves!" title="Judge for Yourselves!">Judge for Yourselves!</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Journals" title="Søren Kierkegaard">The Journals</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Writing_Sampler" title="Writing Sampler">Writing Sampler</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Anguish" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li>

<li><a href="Double-mindedness" title="Double-mindedness">Double-mindedness</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard#Authorship_(1847–1855)" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Indirect communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Infinite_qualitative_distinction" title="Infinite qualitative distinction">Infinite qualitative distinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Knight_of_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of faith">Knight of faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Leveling_(philosophy)" title="Leveling (philosophy)">Levelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Present_age" title="Present age">Present age</a></li>

<li><a href="Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li>

<li><a href="Rotation_method" title="Rotation method">Rotation method</a></li>

<li><a href="Existential_despair" class="mw-redirect" title="Existential despair">Despair</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Regine_Olsen" title="Regine Olsen">Regine Olsen</a></li>

<li><a href="Peter_Kierkegaard" title="Peter Kierkegaard">Peter Kierkegaard</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Lassen_Martensen" title="Hans Lassen Martensen">Hans Lassen Martensen</a></li>

<li><a href="Jacob_Peter_Mynster" title="Jacob Peter Mynster">Jacob Peter Mynster</a></li>

<li><a href="Johan_Ludvig_Heiberg_(poet)" title="Johan Ludvig Heiberg (poet)">J. L. Heiberg</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomasine_Christine_Gyllembourg-Ehrensv%C3%A4rd" title="Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd">Thomasine Christine Gyllembourg-Ehrensvärd</a></li>

<li><a href="Adolph_Peter_Adler" title="Adolph Peter Adler">Adolph Peter Adler</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Danish_Golden_Age" title="Danish Golden Age">Danish Golden Age</a></li>

<li><a href="S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard_Research_Center" title="Søren Kierkegaard Research Center">Søren Kierkegaard Research Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_V._and_Edna_H._Hong_Kierkegaard_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library">Howard V. and Edna H. Hong Kierkegaard Library</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Prayers_of_Kierkegaard" title="Prayers of Kierkegaard">Prayers of Kierkegaard</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kierkegaard_Studies_Yearbook" title="Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook">Kierkegaard Studies Yearbook</a></i></li>

<li>Nytorv 27 (birthplace)</li>

<li><a href="Rosenborggade_7%E2%80%939" title="Rosenborggade 7–9">Rosenborggade 7–9</a></li>

<li><a href="Skindergade_38" title="Skindergade 38">Skindergade 38</a> (last home)</li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Statue of Søren Kierkegaard">Statue of Søren Kierkegaard</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Central_European_Institute_S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="The Central European Institute Søren Kierkegaard">The Central European Institute Søren Kierkegaard</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virtues57" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Virtues57" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Endowment_(philosophy)" title="Endowment (philosophy)">Endowment</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_character" title="Moral character">Moral character</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nicomachean_Ethics" title="Nicomachean Ethics">Nicomachean Ethics</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Trait_theory" title="Trait theory">Trait theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtue families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihārās</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Bushido" title="Bushido">Bushidō</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Catalogue_of_Vices_and_Virtues" title="Catalogue of Vices and Virtues">Catalogue of Vices and Virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Epistemic_virtue" title="Epistemic virtue">Epistemic virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Five_virtues" title="Five virtues">Five virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Cardinal_Principles_and_Eight_Virtues" title="Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues">Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristotelian_ethics#Intellectual_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Intellectual virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Aristotelian_ethics#Moral_virtue" title="Aristotelian ethics">Moral virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Nine_Noble_Virtues" title="Nine Noble Virtues">Nine Noble Virtues</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Omoluwabi" title="Omoluwabi">Omoluwabi</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramīs</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li>

<li><a href="Scout_Law" title="Scout Law">Scout Law</a></li>

<li><a href="Seven_virtues" title="Seven virtues">Seven virtues</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal</a></li>

<li><a href="Theological_virtues" title="Theological virtues">Theological</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures</a></li>

<li><a href="Values_in_Action_Inventory_of_Strengths" title="Values in Action Inventory of Strengths">Values in Action Inventory of Strengths</a></li>

<li><a href="Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual virtues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accountability" title="Accountability">Accountability</a></li>

<li><a href="Alertness" title="Alertness">Alertness</a></li>

<li><a href="Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li>

<li><a href="Calmness" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li>

<li><a href="Charisma" title="Charisma">Charisma</a></li>

<li><a href="Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">Charity</a></li>

<li><a href="Chastity" title="Chastity">Chastity</a></li>

<li><a href="Chivalry" title="Chivalry">Chivalry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">Cleanliness</a></li>

<li><a href="Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li>

<li><a href="Conscientiousness" title="Conscientiousness">Conscientiousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Courage" title="Courage">Courage</a>

<ul><li><a href="Civil_courage" title="Civil courage">Civil</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_courage" title="Moral courage">Moral</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Courtesy" title="Courtesy">Courtesy</a></li>

<li><a href="Diligence" title="Diligence">Diligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Discernment_(Christianity)" title="Discernment (Christianity)">Discernment</a></li>

<li><a href="Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li>

<li><a href="Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Endurance" title="Endurance">Endurance</a></li>

<li><a href="Equanimity" title="Equanimity">Equanimity</a></li>

<li><a href="Etiquette" title="Etiquette">Etiquette</a></li>

<li><a href="Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Faithfulness" title="Faithfulness">Faithfulness</a></li>

<li><a href="Fidelity" title="Fidelity">Fidelity</a></li>

<li><a href="Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li>

<li><a href="Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li>

<li><a href="Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li>

<li><a href="Generosity" title="Generosity">Generosity</a></li>

<li><a href="Glory_(honor)" title="Glory (honor)">Glory</a></li>

<li><a href="Good_faith" title="Good faith">Good faith</a></li>

<li><a href="Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li>

<li><a href="Heroic_virtue" title="Heroic virtue">Heroism</a></li>

<li><a href="Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li>

<li><a href="Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li>

<li><a href="Hospitality" title="Hospitality">Hospitality</a></li>

<li><a href="Humanity_(virtue)" title="Humanity (virtue)">Humanity</a></li>

<li><a href="Humility" title="Humility">Humility</a></li>

<li><a href="Impartiality" title="Impartiality">Impartiality</a></li>

<li><a href="Innocence" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li>

<li><a href="Insight" title="Insight">Insight</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrity" title="Integrity">Integrity</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_intelligence" title="Human intelligence">Intelligence</a>

<ul><li><a href="Emotional_intelligence" title="Emotional intelligence">Emotional</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_intelligence" title="Social intelligence">Social</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Judgement" title="Judgement">Judgement</a></li>

<li><a href="Justice_(virtue)" title="Justice (virtue)">Justice</a></li>

<li><a href="Kindness" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li>

<li><a href="Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnanimity" title="Magnanimity">Magnanimity</a></li>

<li><a href="Magnificence_(history_of_ideas)" title="Magnificence (history of ideas)">Magnificence</a></li>

<li><a href="Meekness" title="Meekness">Meekness</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercy" title="Mercy">Mercy</a></li>

<li><a href="Moderation" title="Moderation">Moderation</a></li>

<li><a href="Modesty" title="Modesty">Modesty</a></li>

<li><a href="Nonattachment_(philosophy)" title="Nonattachment (philosophy)">Nonattachment</a></li>

<li><a href="Patience" title="Patience">Patience</a></li>

<li><a href="Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li>

<li><a href="Perspicacity" title="Perspicacity">Perspicacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li>

<li><a href="Piety" title="Piety">Piety</a>

<ul><li><a href="Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a></li>

<li><a href="Prudence" title="Prudence">Prudence</a></li>

<li><a href="Punctuality" title="Punctuality">Punctuality</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_(virtue)" title="Religion (virtue)">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Renunciation" title="Renunciation">Renunciation</a></li>

<li><a href="Psychological_resilience" title="Psychological resilience">Resilience</a></li>

<li><a href="Respect" title="Respect">Respect</a></li>

<li><a href="Reverence_(emotion)" title="Reverence (emotion)">Reverence</a></li>

<li><a href="Righteous_indignation" title="Righteous indignation">Righteous indignation</a></li>

<li><a href="Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-control" title="Self-control">Self-control</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-cultivation" title="Self-cultivation">Self-cultivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Self-transcendence" title="Self-transcendence">Self-transcendence</a></li>

<li><a href="Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simplicity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sincerity" title="Sincerity">Sincerity</a></li>

<li><a href="Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li>

<li><a href="Sympathy" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li>

<li><a href="Aesthetic_taste" title="Aesthetic taste">Taste</a></li>

<li><a href="Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li>

<li><a href="Tranquillity" title="Tranquillity">Tranquillity</a></li>

<li><a href="Trust_(social_science)" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="Wisdom" title="Wisdom">Wisdom</a></li>

<li><a href="Workmanship" title="Workmanship">Workmanship</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Agape" title="Agape">Agape</a></i></li>

<li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="Arete" title="Arete">Arete</a></i></span></li>

<li><i><a href="Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Eutrapelia" title="Eutrapelia">Eutrapelia</a></i></li>

<li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="Philotimo" title="Philotimo">Philotimo</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="Phronesis" title="Phronesis">Phronesis</a></i></span></li>

<li><i><a href="Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)">Sophia</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne">Sophrosyne</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Adhi%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Adhiṭṭhāna">Adhiṭṭhāna</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Arjava" title="Arjava">Ārjava</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhṛti</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kshama" title="Kshama">Kshama</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Kshanti" title="Kshanti">Kshanti</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Mudita" title="Mudita">Muditā</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Nishkama_Karma" title="Nishkama Karma">Nishkama Karma</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Samatva" title="Samatva">Samatva</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Śraddhā</a></i>/<i><a href="Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Saddhā</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekṣā</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">Auctoritas</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Charity_(Christian_virtue)" title="Charity (Christian virtue)">Caritas</a></i></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Decorum" title="Decorum">Decorum</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Dignitas_(Roman_concept)" title="Dignitas (Roman concept)">Dignitas</a></i></span></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Fides_(deity)" title="Fides (deity)">Fides</a></i></span></li>

<li><i><a href="Gravitas" title="Gravitas">Gravitas</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Humanitas" title="Humanitas">Humanitas</a></i></li>

<li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="Pietas" title="Pietas">Pietas</a></i></span></li>

<li><i><a href="Virtus" title="Virtus">Virtus</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><i><a href="Ganbaru" title="Ganbaru">Ganbaru</a></i></li>

<li><i><a href="Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></i></li>

<li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="Virt%C3%B9" title="Virtù">Virtù</a></i></span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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